๋ชฉ์ฐจ
- Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests
- ๊ฐ์
- INTRO
- t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean
- When we use
๐, ๐คทโโ๏ธ , ๐, ๐
์ด ์์ด์ฝ๋ค์ ๋๋ฅด์๋ฉด ์ ๋ต, ๊ฐ๋
๋ถ๊ฐ ์ค๋ช
์ ๋ณด์ค ์ ์์ต๋๋ค:)
Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing: One-Sample Tests
์ฆ, ๊ฐ์ค๊ฒ์ฆ์ด๋ค.
test๋ผ๋ ์๋ฉ์ด ๋ค์ด๊ฐ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ด ์ถ์ ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ์ธํ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ๊น์ง ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
One-Sample Tests: ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ธํธ๊ฐ ํ๋์ด๋ค.
- One-Sample Tests: ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ดํ๊ฐ 100 ์ด์์ด๋ค -> ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ดํ๋ผ๋ ํ๋์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ธํธ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค
- Two-Sample Tests: ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์ดํ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ๊ฐ ๋ ๋๋ค -> ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ ์์ด์ฟ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ์ธํธ์ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ์์ดํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ธํธ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ฆ, ๋น๊ต, ๋ณํ ๊ฒ์ฆ์ ๋ง์ด ์ฐ์ธ๋ค.
๊ฐ์
์๋์ ๋์์ ํ๋์ฉ ์์ธํ ์์๋ณผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
- ฯ known: Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing Methodology
- ฯ Unknown: t-Test of Hypothesis for the Mean
- One-Tail Tests(๋์ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ ์ฉ)
- Population Proportion: Z-Test of Hypothesis for the Proportion
- Potential Hypothesis Testing Pitfalls and Ethical Issues(์ถ๊ฐ)
INTRO
[ฯ UNknown]
Convert sample statistic (\(x ฬ
\)) to a \(t_{STAT}\) test statistic
t Test of Hypothesis for the Mean
t-Test: t-table์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ ๊ฒ
When we use
ฯ UNknown์ผ ๋
As long as the sample size is not very small and the population is not very skewed, the t-test can be used.
- To evaluate the normality assumption:
- Determine how closely sample statistics match the normal distributionโs theoretical properties.
- Construct a histogram or stem-and-leaf display or boxplot or a normal probability plot.
Formula
์ ์ด์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ ์ ์คํํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์๊ฐํ๊ฒ ๋ค.
๊ฐ๋จํ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ฉด,
1๏ธโฃ rejection area ๊ตฌํจ
2๏ธโฃ ๋ด test statistic ์ ๊ตฌํด์ ์ด ๊ฐ์ค์ด \(H_0\)๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ผ์ง ๊ฑฐ๋ถํ ์ง๋ฅผ ํ๋จ
์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋๊ฐ์ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฒดํํด ๋ณผ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค
โ z-test์ ๊ฐ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ์ table์ z-table๋์ t-table์ ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
Critical Value approach
[๊ณผ์ ]
1) State the null hypothesis, \(H_0\) and the alternative hypothesis, \(H_1\)
2) Choose the level of significance, ฮฑ, and the sample size, n.
The level of significance is based on the relative importance of Type I and Type II errors
3) Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution
4) Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions
5) Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic
6) Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion.
- If the test statistic falls into the nonrejection region, do not reject the null hypothesis H0
- If the test statistic falls into the rejection region, reject the null hypothesis.
- Express the managerial conclusion in the context of the problem
์์ ๊ณผ์ ๋ง ๋ณธ๋ค๋ฉด ์ดํด๊ฐ ์ ์ ๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋คโฆ
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ์๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด ์ดํดํด ๋ณด์!
example
The average cost of a hotel room in New York is said to be $168 per night. To determine if this is true, a random sample of 25 hotels is taken and resulted in an of $172.50 and an ๐ S of $15.40. Test the appropriate hypotheses at a = 0.05.
(Assume the population distribution is normal)
(This is a two-tail test)
1) State the null hypothesis, \(H_0\) and the alternative hypothesis, H1
- \(H_0\): ฮผ = 168
- \(H_1\): ฮผ โ 168
2) Choose the level of significance, ฮฑ, and the sample size, n.
- Suppose that ฮฑ = 0.05 and n = 25 are chosen for this test
- ๐ df = 25-1=24
3) Determine the appropriate test statistic and sampling distribution
- ฯ is assumed known so this is a t test.
4) Determine the critical values that divide the rejection and nonrejection regions
- For ฮฑ = 0.05 the critical t values are 2.0639
- ฮฑ๋ ์ ๋์ ์ค๋ฅ๊ฐ์ ํฉํฉ ๊ฐ์ด๋ ํ์ชฝ ์ ๊ฐ์ ฮฑ/2= 0.025์ด๋ค.(ฮฑ๊ฐ์ ํ์ค์ ํ์๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ์์ ์ค)
- ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ์ด 0.025๋ฅผ t-table์์ ์ฐพ์ผ๋ฉด 2.0639์ด๋ค
5) Collect data and compute the value of the test statistic
- Suppose the sample results are n = 25, \(x ฬ \) = 172.50 , S = 15.4
- So the test statistic is:
6) Make the statistical decision and state the managerial conclusion.
โก๏ธ Since \(t_{STAT}\) = 1.46 < 2.0639, Do NOT reject the null hypothesis and ๐conclude there is insufficient evidence๐ that true mean cost is different from $168
๐conclude there is sufficient evidence๐: reject the null hypothesis
๐conclude there is insufficient evidence๐: Do NOT reject the null hypothesis
ํ๋ฅ ์ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ํํํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ํ์!!